The Treatment Of Young Victims Of Child Sexual Abuse

Abstract The treatment of young victims of child sexual abuse can be demanding for the victim, the victim’s family, and the counselor. The trauma associated with the abuse and the time it may take the child to heal can become very overwhelming. There are barriers, such as a lack of family support and lack of disclosure, which may block victims of child sexual abuse from successful treatment. Overcoming these barriers and incorporating multiple methods of treatment can be beneficial for the victim. Specifically, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and relational-cultural play therapy with additional resources have proven effective in including family support and in defeating the fears of victims of child sexual abuse. McPherson, Scribano, and Stevens (2012) defined child sexual abuse as, â€Å"engaging a child in sexual activities that the child cannot comprehend, for which the child is developmentally unprepared and cannot give informed consent† (p. 27). The number of affected women in the United States is about 26% and the number of affected men is 16% (Perez-Fuentas, Olfson, Villegas, Morcillo, Wang, Blanco, 2013). However, as all crimes go, not every single case has been reported. Whether reported or not, child sexual abuse is a very serious crime that can affect the victims tremendously. Retrieving counseling for these victims of child sexual abuse is substantial in helping the child live a fruitful live post-abuse. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy asShow MoreRelatedChild Sexual Abuse1260 Words   |  5 Pages Child sexual abuse is a social crisis of significant magnitude. This type of abuse has been found to be correlated with the advancement of an extensive range of men tal health and social problems in children and adults. Child sexual abuse is the term used when an adult uses a child or adolescent for his own sexual gratification or pleasure. Furthermore, a frequent expression of childhood sexual abuse is control over the abused child. This type of abuse knows no particular demographic and occursRead MoreChild Sexual And Sexual Abuse1659 Words   |  7 PagesChild Sexual Abuse Why does child sexual abuse happen and what are the effects of it? â€Å"Child sexual abuse is sexual contact with a child that occurs as a result of force or in a relationship where it is exploited because of an age difference or caretaking responsibility† (Finkelhor). Roughly 1.8 million children have been sexually victimized in the United States (NSOPW). Although there is no proof that racial or socioeconomic groups is a factor in a predators choosing, studies show that childrenRead More Sexual Abuse and Young Children Essay example1740 Words   |  7 PagesAs reported in Child Maltreatment 2013, out of the estimated 905,000 victims of child abuse and neglect reported in the United States in 2013, 8.8% were victims of sexual abuse. 1 This means that in that year over 79,600 children were sexually abused in the United States. â€Å"There is general agreement among mental health and child protection professionals that child sexual abuse is not uncommon and is a serious pro blem in the United States.† 2 Sexual abuse has a very broad definition. AccordingRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Serious Concern Of Society1570 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Child abuse is a serious concern of society because of the negative effects on later social and psychological functioning. Particularly, the concern of ‘the cycle of violence hypothesis’ which is one of the most influential conceptual models for antisocial behaviour in the social and behavioural science (DeLisi, Kosloski, Vaughn, Caudill, Trulson, 2014; Lansford, Miller-Johnson, Berlin, Dodge, Bates, Pettit, 2007). Numerous studies have documented the association between childhoodRead MoreNonverbal Forms of Communication that Can Be Used in Building a Thearpeutic Relationship1220 Words   |  5 PagesWeems, Cohen, Amaya-Jackson, Guthrie, 2011). In 2011 alone, over 61,000 cases of child sexual abuse were reported in the United States of America (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2011). The number that was reported is staggering enough without factoring in how many were NOT reported. Child sexual abuse is such an epidemic that the Center for Disease Control h as done research and studies on child sexual abuse and created manuals about how to prevent it (Centers for Disease Control, 2007)Read MoreChild Abuse : The Unintentional Cover Up1303 Words   |  6 PagesChild Abuse: The Unintentional Cover Up Found all over the world, in every social economic class, child abuse is still present even though its terms and definitions have changed over the years. Child abuse is rarely reported by the kids or parents, but by responsible adults in authority over the victim. The poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke reflects the issue of child abuse, by portraying a young child’s attempt to normalize an abusive situation. Survival mechanisms used by children in abusiveRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse and Its Impact on The Developing Brain, An Annotated Bibliography846 Words   |  4 Pages1) â€Å"Child Sexual Abuse, Traumatic Experiences, and Their Impact on the Developing Brain† Gaskill, Richard L. and Perry, Bruce D. (2012) â€Å"Child Sexual Abuse, Traumatic Experiences, and Their Impact on the Developing Brain† Handbook of Child Sexual Abuse: Identification, Assessment, and Treatment. Online. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118094822.ch2/pdf Annotated Bibliography: In this article, the author is making an argument that sexual abuse causes brain development problems inRead MoreCharacteristics Of Juvenile Sex Offenders892 Words   |  4 Pages Juvenile Sexual Offending Sex offenders are described as a person who commits a crime involving a sexual act. They are people convicted for sexual crime in a criminal court. Sex offenders make a high percentage of the offender population and are considered special circumstance offenders. Sex offenders typically use sex as a coping mechanism. Juvenile sex offenders are those age from adolescences to an adult, who committed a sexual act without consent both physically and verbally. The differenceRead MoreAbstract: Understanding the Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Womens Sexuality1079 Words   |  5 PagesColangelo, J. J., amp; Keefe-Cooperman, K. (2012). Understanding the Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Women s Sexuality. Journal Of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 14-37. The purpose of this study was to show how childhood sexual abuse (CSA) victims often are faced with negative psychological and emotional consequences which have profound effects on their lives, as well as their sexuality. The intent of the authors was to show the occurrence of CSA among different women populations, andRead MoreBackground And Consequences Of Child Sexual Abuse1585 Words   |  7 PagesResponses to Child Sexual Abuse in Nigeria, author do hope this piece of paper will bring the light on relevant facts and concerned authorizes take some steps to make the condition better. Chapter I: Background and Consequences of Child Sexual Abuse Introduction Sexual forcefulness is a common occurrence and happens worldwide. Data obtainable proposes that in some countries nearly one in five women report sexual forcefulness by a familiar partner. Also up to one third of girls report enforced sexual instigation

Sartre s Theory Of The Radical Freedom Essay - 1685 Words

Discuss Sartre’s theory of the ‘radical freedom’ of consciousness Jean-Paul Sartre in his book ‘Being and Nothingness’ provided us with a new interpretation of freedom consistent with his famous account on existentialism. This is the view that existence precedes its essence: â€Å"In a word, man must create his own essence: it is in throwing himself into the world, suffering there, struggling there, that he gradually defines himself† (Sartre, 1943), (Onof, 2016). Here, Sartre stated that humans are completely free and that this comes at a cost, as ultimately, we have the burden of responsibility. Nonetheless, of main consideration, is discussing Sartre’s theory of the ‘radical freedom’ of consciousness. This view is where he explained that at every second of decision-making, we have the possibility to modify ourselves, i.e. by participating in what Sartre calls ‘new projects’. But, this view is undermined, as it has the potential to jeopardise our very existence in the world (Onof, 2016). In this essay, I will be providing one explanation of what ‘freedom’ entails for Sartre and this will be followed by a brief explanation of a contrasting account brought forward by Thomas Hobbes, who saw freedom as the ability to do whatever one wishes to do. I will then move onto explaining Sartre’s account on free will, of the different views he adopted and expanded on. I will then explain what makes his explanation on freedom so ‘radical’. This will be followed by a discussion of some ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Know Thyself 1499 Words   |  6 Pagesand eastern philosophy and modern with ancient philosophy. When Sartre takes up the question in Transcendence of the Ego, it marks a fundamental shift in the western philosophical tradition. Beginning with Descartes, and continuing up to Kant and Husserl, the I was something internal that we had immediate and certain access to, Sartre challenges this notion, by suggesting that the ego is an object transcendent to consciousness. Sartre s claim of the transcendence of the ego will be analysed, alongRead MoreThe Artist : An Artist1444 Words   |  6 Pagesis precisely that which he will have made. ...as everyone knows there are no aesthetic values, but there are values which will appear in due course in the coherence of the picture, in the relation between the will to create and the finished work† (Sartre.1948,pg 364).This insinuates no one has a preset account of their believes, we don’t just abruptly arise into existence and have an embedded moral compass, as time evolves we are faced to make immensely challenging moral decisions and in the end ourRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Behavior1117 Words   |  5 Pageson sharing Kant s view that ethical standards must be total and all inclusive. Late twentieth-century individuals might be more mindful of differing qualities than Kant was. Accordingly, we may have less certainty than him that what sounds good to us will bode well to other individuals. In any case, in our day as in Kant s, individuals do tend to surmise that there is something else entirely to their ethical convictions than minor social bias. Like every incredible savant, Kant s contentions haveRead MoreMovie Review : The Edge Of Tomorrow 1116 Words   |  5 Pagesof a war against an extraterrestrial enemy who has the ability to reset the day and know the future. Cage finds himself being enabled with that same power as he killed a leading ‘mimic’ in one scene which resulting in the blood being burnt onto Cage s face. From then on, Cage can reset the day if he was murdered or had committed suicide from a specific point in the movie and be able to remember what happened previously. This scene can be related to the idea of free will as it shows that Cage has theRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesthat things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsible agent, determining their own development through acts of the will. Existentialism * is a philosophical term which posits that individuals createRead MoreExistentialism : Wild ( 2014 ) And Into The Wild1739 Words   |  7 Pagestheir family, friends and everything else they know from the society, they are attempting to find a meaning and purpose to their lives. Watching these two movies, I discovered that, both main characters need the Nature as a catalyst to regain their freedom, to find their true identity and to understand the meaning of their lives. To figure out the reason behind their existences, both decide to go a on a life changing adventure in the nature that might kill them or set them free forever. Doing a compareRead More Charles Wright Mills Essay examples1549 Words   |  7 Pagesalso an active member of the American Sociological Society, serving as vice president from 1947 to 1948. During the last two years of his life, Mills became a public figure. His tracts against cold War and the U. S. Latin American policy were more widely read than any other radical. As his popularity grew, his Listen, Yankee was featured on the cover of Harpers Magazine. As he was preparing for a television network debate, he suffered a heart attack in December 1960. On March 20, 1962, MillsRead MoreThe Life and Achievements of Charles Wright Mi lls Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesalso an active member of the American Sociological Society, serving as vice president from 1947 to 1948. During the last two years of his life, Mills became a public figure. His tracts against cold War and the U. S. Latin American policy were more widely read than any other radical. As his popularity grew, his Listen, Yankee was featured on the cover of Harpers Magazine. As he was preparing for a television network debate, he suffered a heart attack in December 1960. On March 20, 1962, MillsRead MorePhilosophy comparing libertarianism, compatibilism, and determinism2363 Words   |  10 Pagesright. The first viewpoint regarding human freedom is determinism. The thesis of the determinist is that, â€Å"Every event (including human actions) has a cause, and the chain of causes leading to any given action by an agent extends back in time to some point before the agent was born† (Koons, 2002, p. 81). This means that there is no such thing as free will, and that there is only one choice we could ever make â€Å"The determinist view of human freedom is typically based off of the scientific modelRead MoreExistentialism : Wild ( 2014 ) And Into The Wild1779 Words   |  8 Pagestheir family, friends and everything else they know from the society, they are attempting to find the meaning and purpose to their lives. Watching these two movies, I discovered that both main characters need the Nature as a catalyst to regain their freedom, to find their true identity and to understand the meaning of their lives. To figure out the reason behind their existences, both decide to go on a life changing adventure that might kill them or set them free forever. Doing a compare and contrast

Evaluate the Strengths and Weaknesses of Reason as a Way of Knowing Free Essays

There are four main ways of knowing – reason, perception, language and emotion. However each one of them have their own strengths and weaknesses and only by knowing them will we be able to better use these ways of knowing to gain knowledge. This essay will seek to examine the strengths and weaknesses of reason as a way of knowing. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate the Strengths and Weaknesses of Reason as a Way of Knowing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reason is often seen as one of the most powerful ways of knowing – for it ‘seems to give us certainty’ (Lagemaat, 112). Reason uses logic to form arguments and conclusions. A benefit of reason using logic in reason is that it allows us access to innate or a priori knowledge – knowledge we cannot access any other way. One definition of A priori knowledge is innate knowledge that is not derived from experience but rather, are universal rules that we apply. (Cahn,Eckert,Buckley). There are several different forms that reason takes but these are mainly inductive and deductive reasoning – which will be discussed later in the essay. A major strength of reason as a way of knowing is that the information we gather from using it is certain. This is a great strength because we are provided with a strong prediction model that we can build knowledge upon, thus providing us with information that we can believe to be true. We look to how this is applied in an area of knowledge the natural sciences. Take for instance the concept of neutralization reactions in Chemistry. In theory we know that a base would react with an acid to produce salt and water – a hypothesis that, up till this point, has been proven to be true – to form a salt and water. If we are presented with the following argument: All bases react with acids to form salt and water. Unknown sample X reacted with an acid and formed salt and water. We can conclude that unknown sample X is a base. We used deductive reasoning to arrive at the conclusion above. Deductive reasoning provides us with a conclusion that is absolutely certain. The way deduction works is that we go from general premises to a specific conclusion (Langemaat, 234). Like the example above, so far we have seen that all acid-base reactions produce water and salt thus we believe sample X is a base as well. At this point in time, there is no dispute against the law of the acid-base reaction and this will remain a law of chemistry. This certainty reason provides is an extremely important strength as this shows that reason allows us to create strong foundations that can be expanded upon. However with this certainty that reason brings, it has its weaknesses too. The first weakness of reason as a way of knowing is that it is limited. While we realise that unknown sample X is a base, this is all we know of it. This is where the weakness of deductive reason lies, it provides us with an extremely certain conclusion so that we can build upon our foundations that have been set but at the same time, we are limiting our knowledge to just this small scope. Also, the certainty of the conclusion depends on the truth of the premises. How can we prove that these premises are true? We believe that the premises are true because they have not been renounced as of yet. However if they were in fact wrong, our conclusion would be false as well resulting in a completely false argument. From this we can see that while reason can provide us with very certain conclusions, it limits us to building knowledge upon a specific foundation and the truth of the conclusion is based on the truth of the premises. The next strength of reason helps us generate laws to explain abstract concepts and gain this knowledge in areas that our senses cannot reach. This is a very important strength of reason as it shows how detached reason is from the empirical and sense perception. We look to the natural sciences once again – the concept of temporary dipole attraction between diatomic molecules. If we have the following argument: I, Br and Cl form temporary dipoles I, Br and Cl are group VII halogens Therefore, all halogens form temporary dipoles. This example shows how definitions and laws in the natural sciences are formed and how we use reason to do so. The example above uses induction, a method of reason that involves going from the specific to generate a general conclusion. This is how laws of the abstract are formed in science – we are unable to use sense perception or empirical knowledge, since we cannot see dipoles, to formulate these laws, we use reason to arrive at these conclusions. However, this is where the weakness of reason comes in as well. The problem with using induction is that these conclusions could have been arrived at in an incorrect way. The fact that these conclusions drawn are that of something abstract, how do we prove for sure that it is not another variable that affects it? Furthermore, what happens when in the future, when something that is not a halogen is discovered to form a temporary dipole. What happens to our definition of what can form temporary dipoles then? This is the weakness of reason in the natural sciences. Many times, Science applies inductive reasoning and even if a hypothesis is subject to uncountable experiments and stands irrefutable at this present time, it might not be true in the future. Since the natural sciences are a combination of the math and empirical, we cannot solely rely on our a priori knowledge. Science’s discoveries are often based on observations and this flout’s the rules of rationalism. When our senses are involved, our ability to reason might be compromised and lead to false premises and thus false conclusions. However, this is where experimentation comes in to prove as far as we can the extent of scientific truth and discovery. Therefore when it comes to the natural sciences, reasoning has its strengths in clearly defining and classifying various concepts that are senses cannot reach. However, reason falls short in the test of time, where we do not know what future results might yield as well as the possibility of mixing our senses into our premises, leading to false concepts to begin with. Thus, we can conclude that reason is limited in science by time and the extent of knowledge we already have. Even though reason might follow a logical flow, one may still arrive at false conclusions due to problems in our web of coherence. This is a major weakness of reason as we jump to hasty conclusions and cause us to make fallacious statements. For example, in the area of knowledge of the human sciences, analysts have been trying to identify patterns in human behaviour and events. Take for instance in a certain country, crime rates reach an all time high. Analysts would be looking for the factor that caused this and if at the exact same time there was a decrease in abortions, they might form this argument Crime rates increased Abortion rates decreased Therefore the decrease in abortions caused the increase in crime rates. This is an example of a fallacy called ‘post hoc ergo propter hoc’ where (wikipedia). This fallacy occurs when we assume that event A is the cause of event B just because B comes after A. The example above is guilty of committing this fallacy of ‘post hoc ergo propter hoc’ as it quickly concludes based on two events that happened at the same time. The analyst may argue that he used logic to reason out this relation but in actual fact there might have been many other factors that contributed to this increase in crime and violence. This example illustrates the weakness of reason as even though this is a sound argument, its premises are not the cause of each other and thus the argument is invalid. To conclude, we can see that reason has a significant role in many of the areas of knowledge but also presents many shortcomings, especially when experience and other factors come in. We are empirical creatures and it is difficult to always think rationally and logically. As Thomas Aquinas once said, ‘Most men seem to live according to sense rather than reason. ’ Perhaps this then is the major weakness of reason as a way of knowing – it cannot exist alone but needs to coexist with the other ways of knowing. Works Cited Cahn, Steven M. , Maureen Eckert, and Robert Buckley. Knowledge and Reality: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. Alchin, Nicholas. Theory of Knowledge. London: John Murray, 2003. Print. Lagemaat, Richard Van De. Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print. How to cite Evaluate the Strengths and Weaknesses of Reason as a Way of Knowing, Papers

How Fashion Companies Promote Themselves on Facebook free essay sample

The social media are internet facilities where people can communicate and discuss through different websites or blogs. The social media has changed the world in many aspect and people are becoming more and more addicted to use these networks. People are fond of the social media because they can be social with a high number of individuals, both be real life friends, as well as strangers. Since the social media has grown to become so popular, companies have taken advantage of this as well. Their goal is to promote themselves through these networks as this can be very lucrative for the business. There are many different social media networks however this study will only be about Facebook. The aim of the study is to find out and describe how companies use Facebook for marketing purposes. An observation of how 34 fashion companies use Facebook for marketing purposes was carried out. According to internet marketing experts â€Å"the key questions is not whether to deploy Internet technology companies have no choice if they want to stay competitive but how to deploy it†. (Chaffey et al, 2003, p. Preface) As the social media and Facebook are very valuable for companies, companies must learn how to use social media as a part of their marketing strategy. One way for companies to promote themselves in the social media is through communication and advertising of themselves. (Kaplan, 2010, p. 64) (Kaplan Haenlein, 2009, p. 9) â€Å"Internet can be used to increase the frequency and depth of interactions with the brand, particularly for brand loyalists who are advocates of these brands† (Chaffey et al, 2003, p. 5). Companies can use Facebook for many different reasons. United States president Barack Obama used Facebook in his marketing strategy in the presidential elections. (Casteleyn et al, 2009, p. 442) Companies like Dell, Ernst Young and Microsoft etc, use Facebook to find adequate employees to recruit. (CNNmoney, 2009) It is said that the social media and Facebook is a place ere people can promote themselves and show out pictures of whom they desire to be, to the whole world. For the same reason, companies can use Facebook to promote themselves to customers and give out the image of how they want to be perceived. (socialTNT, 2008) The purpose of this study is to describe how fashion companies perform marketing on Facebook. This study is interesting as there are little studies of this topic that have been done before however there are several books and articles that uphold very strongly that companies should perform marketing on the social media networks and that this is very profitable. The benefits of having Facebook as part of the marketing strategy can be very beneficial to companies and it is therefore interesting to see how companies actually are using the social media networks, and more precisely Facebook. This study will observe what kind of marketing that fashion companies perform on Facebook and the goal is to describe the situation. There are a number of different theories on marketing that could be applied for reaching this goal. One of them is relationship marketing (RM) that can be described as an approach for companies to develop valuable, long-lasting and mutually beneficial relationships with customers. RM is recommended to be used when customers are highly involved in the good or service and are willing to engage in relationship 5 building activities. (Leverin Liljander, 2006, p. 232), (Eiriz and Wilson, 2004,p. 276). Another well-known theory is service-dominant logic (S-D logic). The central principle of this logic is that service is exchanged for service. Moreover, S-D logic implies â€Å"co-creation† and â€Å"co-production†. That is customers are actively contributing to the production of goods and services and assist in determining the perceived value of the offerings. (White et al, 2009, p. 76) One more theory that can be appropriate for this study is the theory of the promotional mix developed by Kotler (1998, 2000,2006), (Kotler and Armstrong, 1993, p. 383). This is a combination of six different marketing types that companies should mix and use in order to become more effective and successful in sales and brand equity. The main objective with the promotional mix is to create awareness and comprehension among customers. (Best, 2005, p. 302) This mix is known and used all around the world by companies and also by professors of marketing and is therefore very useful and adequate for this study. The six types in the mix are: advertising, sales promotion, events and experiences, public relations and publicity (PR and publicity, personal selling and direct marketing. (Kotler and Armstrong, 1993, p. 383) Since the study will observe how companies promote themselves on Facebook, the promotional mix has been chosen. This choice has been made due to the fact, that the promotional mix is one of the oldest traditional marketing theories and it would be interesting to see if the modes included in the mix are used in modern marketing, i. . on social media, and especially Facebook. As the field of the study is the online network Facebook the addition of another marketing type was necessary and this is word of mouth communication (WOM). As Facebook is a social media network, a great part of communication occurs through WOM. The reason to use WOM is due to its difference and at the same time importance in marketing. WOM differs from the modes in the promotional mix because it is more interactive. Ordinary people and the companies work together to reach the same goal. In ordinary marketing, companies create marketing for ordinary people to look at and be influenced by. The communication is online and even though people cannot use their real voices and ears to communicate the communication will still be called WOM in this study. As Facebook is a social media network the communication includes a great deal of WOM. (Freeman and Chapman, 2008, p. 778) 6 The decision to make this study about fashion companies was because these companies were the ones to use Facebook the most. Customers within the fashion industry expose their products to other peoples’ judgment which makes it very risky socially. They way people wear clothes are thus very likely to generate a great amount of WOM. (Bertrandias and Goldsmith, 2006, p. 26) It is easy to draw the conclusion that the companies, which have human appearance as their main focus, will choose to use Facebook because Facebook entails photos, interaction, communication and interests which makes it a powerful social media tool for these companies. The importance of a study like this one is that the social media and Facebook is a growing industry. From its birth it has only become more and more popular and most likely companies will have to be involved in the social media to be successful in the future. Outline The study is divided into six main chapters and the following is the Literature review. This chapter will present the six modes of the promotional mix as well as WOM. These are all used as a basis for the observation on Facebook. The next chapter is Methodology where the process of the study, the whole observation in detail and possible limitations will be explained. Thereafter is a chapter where the social media and Facebook are presented. The Result chapter will present the results of the observation, thus describe how marketing was used by Fashion companies on Facebook. The last chapter is the Summary of Results and Conclusion chapter which briefly will discuss the findings and sum up the whole study as well as give suggestions for future studies. Literature review The promotional mix The goal of marketing, for companies, is to create and keep their customers by producing desirable products and services. Companies’ products must be beneficial to customers, and to themselves, as well as available at satisfactory prices.

The Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (JROTC) Its Role and History Essay Example For Students

The Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (JROTC): Its Role and History Essay Discipline and Training Leads to Bright Futures Booker T. Washington once said, â€Å"Those who are happiest are those who do the most for others.† The Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, also known as JROTC, provides young adults a federal program that inspires leadership, citizenship, and character while encouraging participation, service, and engagement in their local community and school. Ever since 1916, JROTC has been motivating young people to be better citizens and build a strong study of ethics, communication, and life skills. We will write a custom essay on The Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (JROTC): Its Role and History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps was created in addition to the passage of the National Defense Act of 1916. The Act allowed high schools to borrow equipment from the military and high school students would receive instruction from active duty military personnel. Later in 1964, the Vitalization Act allowed high school students to participate in other types of services and most of the active duty military personnel were replaced with experienced retirees who previously worked for the military. Through time, the JROTC high school programs have gone a long way and have changed quite a bit. Originally, the JROTC was a program to recruit members into the military, but throughout the years, it has changed into a program that instills citizenship and encourages physical and educational uplift. JROTC is a helpful program for students who are emotionally or physically turbulent. It instills a sense of discipline and balance. The study of ethics, citizenship, communication, a nd leadership that students learn and prepare will successfully take them into the adult world. From a small number of only six units in 1916, JROTC has grown and blossomed into a program that is active in 3,229 schools today. JROTC benefits the community, not only by engaging students to participate in their community, but JROTC also distributes scholarships to students. JROTC provides scholarships to high school senior JROTC cadets. They offer a one year scholarship to any undergraduate college or an accredited technical/trade school. Only one of these scholarships are given out each year. However, in order to receive this prestigious award, the student must be a grandchild or child of a United States veteran. Many of the previous scholarship winners are now ranked in some of the highest positions in the United States military branches. Goals of the JROTC include ethical values and proper citizenship. Effective communication and logical thinking can grow into the skills to work as a team member and produce positive self-motivation and management. Each cadet should have the motivation to graduate from high school and seek a career that will help them with their future endeavors. In addition to improved physical fitness, every cadet should choose to live drug-free. JROTC is a program that has opportunities for everyone. Any student at any academic level can join this program, and any student of any nationality can join. Joining JROTC will train your student in discipline which is beneficial to all high school students. In fact, schools with JROTC programs tend to have higher SAT score and lower high school dropout rates. As part of JROTC curriculum, over 100 hours of community services is shown throughout their four years of high school. Services can range from marching in parades, to collecting food for the homeless, or cleaning up local streets. Some local city governments recognize the work that JROTC participants do, and grant their own local awards and scholarships to deserving high school students. The majority of local city governments encourage students to engage and participate in JROTC activities. Unlike what many people think, JROTC is not a program to recruit people for the military, JROTC is a program where students help other students in becoming the best citizens they can be. .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 , .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .postImageUrl , .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 , .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2:hover , .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2:visited , .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2:active { border:0!important; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2:active , .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2 .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u462e3c6ba563987ab625f3fbc89c41d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Giver - Main Character EssayMany colleges and employers opt for JROTC members, as well. Colleges and universities look for admirable qualities that most JROTC members have already instilled. JROTC training improves focus and determination, and also elevates a student’s capability to study smarter, set goals, and to develop effective study habits. Employers can expect integrity, flexibility, and loyalty from past JROTC students. In total, this creates a well-rounded, leader, scholar, and athlete that colleges and employers want. The JROTC program is also used in other military branches such as the marine corps, air force, and navy. Each branch teaches citizenship skills, but vary in different crafts. For example, the air force JROTC, also known as AFJROTC, teaches curriculum such as aviation history, geography, history, and survival. The marine corps JROTC unit showcases their drill team. They actively engage in public events by displaying and presenting the American flag at a baseball or basketball game. The skill of marksmanship is also included in the marine corps JROTC curriculum. Each branch teaches 4 general subjects: the importance of physical fitness, military history, precision drills, and leadership skills. Physical fitness is essential to learn strengthening and endurance physically and emotionally by performing curl-ups, pull-ups, sit-ups, and one mile walks or runs. Every JROTC cadet must understand military history and important military figures and organizations that helped shape our world. JROTC instructors teach students important documents that changed America and the way its society works. Based on the branch, others might study additional information. For example, the marine corps JROTC might learn about sea patrolling and subjects about the history of waterway battles. Precision drilling requires focus and attention for detail. Students learn how to discipline themselves and pay attention. Leadership skills are required for any cadet. JROTC instructors teach students how to resolve problems, make wise decisions, communicate interpersonally, an d to lead a group. Each JROTC unit gives out ribbons to participating cadets. There are a wide variety of ribbons ranging from the academic excellence ribbon to Cadet of the quarter/year ribbon. The highest ribbons that can be received is the medal for heroism and superior cadet. The medal for heroism is awarded to a JROTC cadet who shows an act of heroism. The superior cadet is awarded annually by the Department of the Army to an exceptional cadet in each rank. For each unit there are three awards, the highest being the academic achievement insignia, an award given out to the top ten percent of each JROTC class based on grades. Marksmanship badges can also be earned. ExpertShoot, the highest, require a marksman to shoot a score of 200 out of 300. Each year, a leadership challenge camp is held at various locations around the United States. This camp instills leadership, teamwork, confidence, trust, sharing, and responsibility. JROTC campers learn how to work as a team together to reach a common goal. At JROTC camp, every activity is designated for self-confidence and trust between you and other JROTC campers. Every camper is assigned a job to ensure responsibilities. Each cadet will receive training in CPR and first aid certification as well as lifeguard certification for qualified cadets. The JROTC program has grown massively since it’s start in 1916, both in number and in branch. As of June 2006, there are in total of 3,229 units in the United States and approximately 64,580 cadets. 1,555 Army AJROTC units, 794 Air Force AFJROTC units, 619 Navy NJROTC units, 260 Marine Corps MCJROTC, and one Coast Guard CGJROTC unit. Statistics show that thirty percent to fifty percent of students enlist in the US military. In conclusion, JROTC benefits students all across America and helps communities surrounding each unit. JROTC offers students scholarships and awards they can use towards college. Skills and lessons learned in JROTC create a good citizen with

Examining Tricomalee Economic Center Potential For The Region Tourism Essay Example

Examining Tricomalee Economic Center Potential For The Region Tourism Essay Example Examining Tricomalee Economic Center Potential For The Region Tourism Essay Examining Tricomalee Economic Center Potential For The Region Tourism Essay Introduction Tricomalee is a 1 of the District situated in Eastern Province of Sri Lanka and besides larboard metropolis of the east seashore. Most of import portion of Trincomalee is harbour. The seaport chiefly divided into two parts. These are interior seaports and outer seaport. Approximately 40 nowadays of the population of Trincomalee territory are Muslim, 35 present Tamil and 25 nowadays are Sinhala[ 1 ]. Historical name of Trincomalee is Gokanna or Gokarna [ 2 ]. The seaport of the Trincomalee has played a major function in maritime and international trading history of Sri Lanka. 2. Sri Lanka has been affected by civil struggle between authorities and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) since 1983. With that LTTE combat for greater independency vanni. After Cease Fire Agreement ( CFA ) was signed in February 2002, the state of affairs in the state started bettering. But in 2005 interrupting the CFA started contribute services in misdemeanor. 3. On the land, Trincomalee territory had controlled partially by the LTTE and partially by the authorities. But now the whole territory is under the Sri Lanka authorities after intense combat for the last few old ages. The authorities officially celebrated triumph of defeated in Sri Lanka on 18th may 2009. 4. The chief economic activities in Trincomalee are, Tourism, Fisheries, Multipurpose Industries like Prima, IOC and Natural Resources like Mineral sand, seaport, aˆÂ ¦etc. 5. Fisheries used to convey important income to Trincomalee and provided employment chances. The productiveness decreased in resent old ages dueto limitations done by piscary industry. But today removed all the limitations all sectors. 6. Tourism was besides a ample industry in Trincomalee country. The figure of working hotels has reduced due to war and their trade is largely commercial instead than touristry. Ending civil struggle touristry industry start to develop in country. 7. Operation of multipurpose industries actively participate development of Trincomalee. As a illustration Prima Company gives 720 occupation chances to people, Mitsui Cement gives 300 occupations and IOC gives 160 occupations in people and besides SLPA, Trincomalee gives 507 occupations in country. 8. Trincomalee is a 1 of the richest in natural resources in country. These resources are mineral littorals, seaport, beautiful beaches and seven hot springs in Kanniya. But soon non utilize these resources decently. Chapter 2 Methodology STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 1. When Trincomalee utilizing as an economic Centre of the part, of import countries are, Tourism Industry, Fishing Industry and multipurpose Industries ( Prima, IOC, Mitsui Cement, Mineral Sands aˆÂ ¦.etc. ) and natural resorts like seaport, mineral littorals and beautiful beaches and hot springs. 2. When sing Trincomalee, seaport is the chief strategic point. The great European powers vied command of the seaport. The Portuguese, the Dutch, the Gallic and the English, each are controlled the Trincomalee. The Trincomalee habour is used as 5th natural seaport in the universe. 3. Most of import factors of the Trincomalee are as follows ; a. Strategically state of affairs B. Major Communication Centre c. Finest Harbour in the World which easy can suit 200 ships inside the habour. 4. The strategic in the Indian Ocean and touches shores of Indian subcontinent in the North of Trincomalee ; Malaysia, Indonesia, and Australia, 5. The Indian Ocean encompasses the Red sea attack to the Suez Canal and the Strait of Malacca. Which is major sea path between the West and Far East? 6. Natural seaport of Trincomalee is at a strategic point for whole part and it besides holding planetary significance in the modern age. Strategic value of seaport is increased due to near the Bay of Bengal. 7. The entryway of seaport is four stat mis broad and five stat mis across. The interior seaport about 12 sq stat mis and a singular characteristic is the great deepness of the interior seaport. 8. When sing major companies in Trincomalee, Indian Oil Company ( IOC ) one of the major companies situated in country. Most of import and strategic confederation is 99 oil armored combat vehicles. Soon controlled by Indian Oil Corporation and Ceylon Petroleum Corporation ( CPC ) , provide oil security to India and Sri Lanka. IOC takes oil armored combat vehicles for long term leasing. The capacity of each oil armored combat vehicles 12,250 kiloliters, situated near the Trincomalee seaport. 9. History of oil armored combat vehicles goes 1930s, built by the British. The intent of brought oil armored combat vehicles from IOC to sale oil in Sri Lanka and this will supply an energy safety cyberspace to Sri Lanka and India if creates petroleum crisis. 10. The United State still fight to take these oil armored combat vehicles, because berthing and refueling for there vass at Trincomalee harbour if it chooses to assail Iraq. 11. Tourism of Trincomalee chiefly depend on hot springs in Kanniya, Dutch ports, seaport, Tiriyaya temple, Swami stone, beaches of Nilaweli and Uppuweli. 12. Most of import Buddhist topographic point in Trincomalee is Tiriyaya temple, located in 35km off. 13. Fishery industry of Trincomalee done by Multi twenty-four hours boats ( over 32 fleets in length ) , one twenty-four hours boats with in board motors 3 A? dozenss ( 28 to 32fleets ) , Fiber Glass Dingy ( FGB ) , traditional boats and Mardel. 14. The mineral sand mill of Pulmudai rhenium opened by authorities the ministry of substructure development. It is worked about 400 workers and it could supply about 130 dozenss of limonite, 15 dozenss of retile, 10 tones of Silicon and 5 dozenss of Monazite per twenty-four hours. The mill produced best quality limonite which was exported to Japan, Russia. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 15. Development of Trincomalee will assist to develop the Eastern Region of Sri Lanka. Aim GENERAL OBJECTIVES 16. The purpose of showing this thesis is to see certain salient factors stated under specific aims and to suggest a originative thoughts. Specific OBJECTIVES 17. The specific aims are as follows, a. Harbour of Trincomalee is a strategic point in the whole part holding planetary significance in the modern age and Sri Lanka Port authorization can better port installations. b. Fishery industry and development of piscary seaport. c. Tourism and development of installations to the tourer. d. Encourage private sectors and started new private sectors Scope OF THE STUDY 18. The research is focused to acknowledge. 19. The research covers countries to see for development of Trincomalee. The sample includes fishermen, people who are done occupations in tourer field and peoples populating in Trincomalee and the entire no of 50 individuals questioned. Justification 20. Economy of Trncomalee chiefly depend on piscary industry, tourer Industry and major companies in country. Therefore development of Trincomalee means development of these sectors. The people in Trincomalee is need to give maximal support to set up the economic system of Trincomalee. Relevance 21. The subject of this research it self is about the Trincomalee as an economic Centre for the part which is wholly relevant Trincomalee every bit good as Sri Lanka as a whole. The analysis and informations aggregation was done with the information gathered from peoples go forthing in country and some workers worked in several Fieldss it self. The conditions and the environment to which some personal several Fieldss and some are non in consciousness. 22. Further, the theories and premises extracted state of affairss in other countries in state and foreign states are besides applicable. Besides this paper makes recommendations to accommodate the state of affairs and conditions of the Trincomalee based on the findings of the research. Methodology 23. The survey was started from the Trincomalee with the purpose of obtaining a feedback about the economical degree of the country and to analyze weather economic system goes up every bit expected. 24. The workers of the sectors who were working above sectors upto now and peoples populating in Trincomalee and some responsible individuals of authorities ant private sector. They were interviewed and questioned by prepared questionnaire ( annex A ) to roll up informations. After that random sample of people in different societies were selected to inquiry from a prepared questionnaire. Choice societies are fishermen, workers in private and authorities sector, GA, Divisional Secretary, Premise Manager, Mitsui cement, General Manager IOC, General Manager Prima Lanka. Fifty individuals covering every sector questioned by a prepared questionnaire ( Annex B ) to roll up informations. The primary informations collect from above mentioned methods were analyzed to come to a decision. SAMPALING AND SAMPALING PROCEDURE 25. Random samples were selected as follows. a. Selected authorities and private sector officers. GA Trincomalee, DS Trincomalee, Residence Manager Sri Lanka Port Authority, General Managers of IOC and Prima, Premises Manager Mitsui, Harbour Manager Cod Bay piscary seaport and Assistance Director General Fisheries in Trincomalee. B. Representation sample of people populating in Trincomalee. Random samples of were done 50 Nos of selected individuals are as follows. ( 1 ) 10 nos Fishermans in Trincomalee country. ( 2 ) 10 nos of workers making occupations in touristry field. ( 3 ) 10 nos of workers in private sector. ( 4 ) 10 nos of authorities workers. ( 5 ) 10 nos of random selected people. DATA COLLECTION METHODS 26. The information aggregation methods are as follows. a. Interviews. b. Questionnaires Restriction 27. The clip factor was one of the major restrictions for the conductivity of this research. The readying for the research had merely three months and the figure of words was limited to 5000. 28. Due to clip restraints questionnaire was non translated into Tamil. 29. The information did non capture instruction on an single footing so that information is non included in instance of inaccurate information. Chapter 3 Analyzing THE ECONOMY OF TRINCOMALEE IS DEVELOPED OR DEVELOPING AS EXPECTED 1. Datas were collected through interviews and questionnaire distributed peoples go forthing in Trincomalee country, making occupations under varies subdivisions and look into Trincomalee economically developed or developing as expected. The chief purpose is to demo that Trincomalee how to utilize as an economic Centre for the part. Questionnaire includes 08 inquiries. The English questionnaire is attached as ANNEX A to the research paper. 2. The inquiry no two under the personal specifics are to clear up their field and place. The 3rd inquiry were raised to happen how long he or she in several field, because the research is focused to 2009 and 2010. Harmonizing to the replies given by the several individuals functioning in Trincomalee country in bow than five old ages and boulder clay now. 3. The inquiry figure four discussed the about economic system of Trincomalee. Harmonizing to the replies given by several individuals, economic system of trincomalee under the developing class. After 30 old ages war most of major employers like to come and established in Trincomalee country and besides most tourers like to come and basking in trincomalee. The name called Nagenahira Nawodaya besides making major function to developed the Trincomalee country and upto now undertaking is in advancement. 4. Answers given to oppugn No five, chief factors impacting to the economic system of Tincomalee mostly depends on piscary industry, public sector activities, agribusiness sector and private sectors. The factors affect to the economic development are unemployment, cognition of the people and poorness of people. Most of the people populating in Trincomalee are non good educated because of the fast 30 old ages war and besides no occupations in country. 5. Sing the replies of inquiry no six, all participants thought is Trincomalee non developed country and suggestions are develop the piscary industry, appreciate private sector every bit good as public sector and introduced new things for tourer ( utilizing seaport sailing surfboarding, aˆÂ ¦etc. ) . More development of development of private and authorities sectors aid of authorities and other organisation required ( NGOs ) . 6. Sing replies given to oppugn no seven are as follows. a. The General Manager, Prima Company private Ltd says, giving revenue enhancement reduces and good monetary values for Prima merchandises. The company can give more occupation chances and increase measure of production and besides can acquire chances to export of productions. b. Residence Manager of Trincomalee port under the Sri Lanka Port Authority ( SLPA ) said, The SLPA planned to develop Trincomalee seaport as one of the major port in Sri Lanka and develop port installations like Cranes, container paces and hangers to hive away lading and points. SLPA planned to set up bunkering/ de bunkering installations. c. The authorities agent ( GA ) of Trincomalee said, After the civil struggle the authorities planned to develop territory with the hep of Non Government Organizations and foreign AIDSs. The programmes of Nagenahira Navodaya and Maga Neguma done relocation of internal supplanting people ( IDP ) and the development programmes and Maga Neguma making develop roads in small towns. The authorities planned to develop the tourer industry in Trincomalee. This can make encouraging hotel proprietors, developing beach foreparts and increasing banking and conveyance installations. And asked from new man of affairs s semen and set up in Trincomalee. d. Divisional Secretary ( DS ) of Trincomalee expressed her thought that development programme started to Grama Sevaka ( GS ) divisions and educate poorness and unemployment individuals to get down ego employments and authorities can assist giving low involvement loans and proficient advised by authorities qualified officers. e. The General Manager of IOC said, the company can increase their whole island every bit good as they can assist SLPA to give a bunkering installations of merchandiser ships enter Trincomalee seaport. f. The Premises Manager of Mitsui Cement said the company can increase their productiveness and occupation chances if authorities aid. 7. Answers given to oppugn no eight are sing Tincomalee is non developed territory and developing territory. After civil conflict authorities want developed people populating in Trincomalee want develop a country. Plans of development of Trincomalee are introduced tourer small towns, expand Cod Bay piscary seaport, increased installations of Trincomalee port and set up new private companies in Trincomalee. Chapter 4 Datas THE REASONS OF ECONOMY OF TRINCOMALEE DEVELPOED OR DEVELOPING 1. There are several grounds for the development of Trincomalee really of import. Sri Lanka authorities privation developed the Trincomalee. Therefore authorities started programmed like Nagenahira Navodaya.Trincomalee is a developing territory. It may be, due to the unemployed population, alteration in consumer form, low productiveness, influence of the paramilitary groups, hapless conveyance services and limited banking installations. All these factors called Independent variables. Dependent variables can be affected by these Independent variables. It may be positive consequence or a negative consequence. a. Unemployed population. Most of people populating in Trincomalee have lost there occupations and belongingss due to past civil war struggle. The past war state of affairs was restricted many economic activities in country like piscary industry, agribusiness, bargainers, some authorities farms and mills which has besides resulted in unemployment. Now war is over and authorities invite investors come and invest their concern in Trincomalee country. Other ground of unemployment low educational degree. The ground of low instruction degree due to past war younger coevals lost their instruction and most schools were closed due to war. B. Change in consumer form. Due to past war state of affairs increase the monetary values of indispensable goods and has reduced the ingestion degree, exacerbated by the low income degrees. During past war state of affairs people lived in Trincomalee small towns of near or LTTE controlled countries people faced jobs of nutrient and LTTE do nt give adequate nutrient for these peoples. Now 30 old ages war over rural small towns are under developing with the aid of authorities and non authorities organisations. c. Low productiveness. The deficiency of investings, the cost of production besides goes high and deficiency of loan installations have led down productiveness. The security state of affairs of country besides consequence to straight impact of degrees of productiveness. Fishery industry of Trincomalee really low degree in war clip due to limitations done by authorities. Highly accomplished one is clip f histrion, angling merely twenty-four hours clip 0600hrs to 1800hrs merely and country besides restricted no fishing in high security zone and inner harbour countries. After civil struggle take all the limitations and now they can make their occupation easy without any limitations. d. Influence of the paramilitary groups. Menaces to the concern community extortion and robberies by paramilitary groups have prevented people from doing investings. In war clip it is affected to really severely economic system of Trincomalee. But today besides reported some incidents extortion and robberies done by some unidentified paramilitary groups. Due to this ground most of investors do non like invested in Trincomalee. e. Poor conveyance services. During past war period the conveyance services have been restricted, so that many goods can non be brought into Trincomalee, or merely at prohibitory cost. Now war is over hence no more limitations now everyone can come and what of all time want get to Trincomalee. Other job is sea transit. When merchandiser ship comes no lading / droping installations non available in Trincomalee seaport. There is no Cranes and hanger installations. f. Limited Banking Facilities. The Banks are loath to give loan installations, and demand collateral. All though some authorities Bankss are willing to give loans sum of loan is deficient to back up endeavors and new concern. Especially it is severely effected to the piscary industry and tourer industry. Price of multiday fishing trawler is about 5-6 1000000s and Fiber Glass Dinghy ( FGD ) with OBM ( Out Boat Motor ) and angling cyberspaces about 7 to 9 lakes. The sing tourer industry besides faced investing jobs. If built star category hotels with all installations and set uping tourer countries, more tourers will Trincomalee country. g. Not utilize economic income beginnings. The economic system of Trincomalee mostly depend on, piscary industry, tourer industry every bit good as day-to-day labour and public sector activities. Other chief economic beginning in Trincomalee is natural seaport. Using seaport can developed touristry and fishing industry. Chapter 5 DATA ANALYSIS 1. In carry oning the research sing Trincomalee as an economic Centre for the part, information was collected through a questionnaire distributed among the people populating in Trincomalee country. Questionnaire includes 13 inquiries. The English questionnaire and the Sinhala translated questionnaire are attached as ANNEX B to the research paper. People lives in Trincomaalee were asked to give any replies and show any other remarks on each inquiry. Answers given by people in Trincomalee are individually analyzed and elaborated below. 2. The inquiry no 1 and two are identified age bound and educational degree in the people. Because people of Trincomalee faced civil war in last 30 old ages. Answers given by inquiry No 1, five individuals below 20 old ages old, 19 people age of 20-30 old ages old, 16 persona age of 30-40 old ages old and 10 people age of 40-60 old ages old. Harmonizing to the replies given by the individuals most are age bound of 20-30 old ages old. Answers given by inquiry no 3, twenty three individuals done upto Ordinary Level ( O/L ) , 16 individuals upto Advanced Level ( A/L ) , five individuals upto diploma degree and merely six individuals graduated 3. Development of tourer industry is really of import to develop the economic system of Trincomalee. Harmonizing to the replies given by inquiry no 3, 88 % of peoples thought is present state of affairs of tourer industry is non good. Merely 12 % are think present state of affairs is good. 4. The inquiry No 4 is about the present ongoing development programs of Tourist industry, out of 50 merely six individuals satisfied and all other 40s four non satisfied. Analyzing with above consequence merely 12 % of people satisfied and 88 % of people non satisfied with on-going coders. 5. The purpose of 5th inquiry is find out societal and environmental jobs when developing tourer industry. Out of 50 28 individuals agree to educating society, jobs avoid, out of 50 14 individuals agree to presenting new regulations and ordinances jobs can avoid, out of 50 8 individuals agree to educate of tourer. Sing above consequence 56 % of people agree to educate the people can acquire more consequences, 28 % of people agree to presenting new regulations and ordinances for the tourer industry, 16 % of people in country agree to educate of tourer. Harmonizing to the above informations, it is clear that most of people populating in Trincomalee thought is proper educating most jobs can work out. 6. The purpose of inquiry No 6 is find the present state of affairs of piscary industry. Sing replies given to above inquiry out of 50 22 individuals like to present province of fishing industry and 28 individuals like tourer industry will develop than today. When analysing above inside informations 44 % of people think present state of affairs of piscary industry is good and 56 % of people thought fishery industry required more developments than today. 7. The 7th inquiry was raised to acquire thought what are the countries to develop in piscary industry. Out of 50 14 individuals reply is presenting boats with new engineering in low monetary value. 10 individuals reply is saving of piscaries households. Out of 50 18 individuals reply is good monetary value for merchandises, and 8 individuals reply is above all installations required piscaries household. Sing above consequence 28 % of people like presenting low cost boats with new engineering and 20 % of people like saving of piscaries households and 36 % of people like to acquire a good monetary value for merchandises. Merely 16 % of people like developing all factors. Analyzing above consequences most of people like to acquire good monetary value for merchandises and other factor new boats with engineering. 8. The inquiry No 8 is discussed the how to increase fishery productiveness. Answers given 50 individuals 15 individuals like halt poaching Sri Lankan H2O by other states angling boats and out of 50 18 individuals reply is to give installations to deep H2O fishing. Out of 50 8 individuals select as reply activate present regulations and ordinances and educate the fishermen. Nine individuals answer is halting illegal fishing activities ( Use of Dynamite, Nylon cyberspaces, ..etc ) .Considering replies of above 30 % of people thought halting poaching of Sri Lankan water.36 % of people thought is to give installations for deep H2O fishing. 16 % of people like to trip regulations and ordinances about fishery industry.18 % of people like stop illegal fishing methods. Analyzing replies given to above inquiry most of people thought is giving installations to deep H2O fishing, can increase fish productiveness. 9. The inquiry no 9 attempt happen out willingness/unwillingness of people populating in Trincomalee about multipurpose economical sectors soon situated, like Prima, IOC, Mitsui Cement, aˆÂ ¦etc. Out of 50 39 individuals like present multipurpose economical sectors and merely 11 individuals unlike multipurpose economical sectors. 78 % of people in country like to more multipurpose economic sectors and 22 % of people non like. Sing above inside informations bulk of people like present economical sectors in Trincomalee. The tenth inquiry is asked about good or bad, when stared new multipurpose economical sectors. Sing replies, out of 50 29 individuals reply is really good for set uping new economical sectors. 16 individuals reply is it is good for country and merely 5 individuals is non relevant. 58 % of peoples answer is really good, 32 % of people province this is good and merely 10 % of people answer non relevant. When analysing above inside informations 58 % of people like set up new multipurpose economic sectors in country. 11. The inquiry no 11 cheque, when set uping new multipurpose economical sectors, how to get the better of societal and environment jobs as people populating in country. Out of 50 10 individuals reply is people can command 80 % to 100 % , out of 50 16 individuals reply is people can command 50 % to 80 % . 20 individuals reply is people can command 25 % to 50 % and out of 50 merely 4 individuals reply is people can non command job. Sing above replies, 20 % of people in 80 % to 100 % control, 32 % of people in 50 % to 80 % scope, 40 % of people in 25 % to 50 % scope and merely 8 % of people in can non command this job. Analyzing above replies people can command 25 % to 50 % of societal and environment jobs happening due to set uping new multipurpose economical sectors. 12. The 12th inquiry is to look into the upto now usage of natural resources satisfied, out of 50 15 individuals reply is 10 % to 30 % and 16 individuals reply is 30 % to 60 % .Answer of 20 individuals is 60 % to 90 % and merely two individuals answer is use natural resources 90 % to 100 % . Considering above replies 30 % of people in country said usage of natural resources for the development is 10 % to 30 % , 54 % of people is agree to 30 % to 60 % ,12 % of people answer is 60 % to 90 % and merely 4 % of people think 90 % to 100 % usage to natural resources in country. Analyzing above consequences per centum of usage of natural resources 30 % to 60 % in country, it is non good for development of country. 13. The thirteenth inquiry about the how to utilize of natural resources in decently. Out of 50 10 individuals reply is merely authorities sector take part actively, 32 individuals reply is this can make Local and Foreign Companies and merely 8 individuals reply is do non export natural resorts as a stuff it can export as a ready mate points. Sing above replies of 20 % of people like decently usage of natural resource done by authorities sector, 64 % of people agree to this done by Local / Foreign Companies and merely 16 % of people in country like utilizing natural resources make ready mate points export. Analyzing above consequences bulk of people like this occupation can make Local / Foreign Companies. Harmonizing to all above information revealed that development of Trincomalee will assist to development of eastern part that average hypothesis is proved. Chapter 6 Decision 1. Trincomalee territory has been really earnestly affected by the fast civil struggle, but today war is over and current security state of affairs is stable. Now people do non hold any security job in country. 2. After civil struggle Trincomalee is a cardinal country targeted for development by the authorities. The programmed of Nagenahira Navodaya which aims to develop the Eastern Province and the constitution of Trincomalee as a economical zone in Eastern Province. The under the Eastern Revival Programme that was started in 2007, is a major development programme for three old ages. The chief undertaking of this programme is re colony of IDP, and issues related to regional economic system betterment of substructure and societal activities. 3. Under the development programs there are several development undertakings ongoing. These are route development including concept new Bridgess ( Kinniya and Erakkandi ridges ) and primary instruction. 4. When sing fishery industry on traveling development programs are development of Cod Bay and Oluvil piscary seaport, building new fish market in Trincomalee town and preservation of piscaries households. 5. Tourist industry of Trincomalee is traveling to develop today for the attractive force of beauty of the country. Like nice beaches of Nilaveli and Uppuweli and seven hot H2O springs in Kanniya. Ongoing undertakings are development of star category hotels in country and addition installations ( banking, conveyance, aˆÂ ¦etc. ) . 7. Use of natural resources are now non decently used. Harbour of Trincomalee and mills like mineral sand non decently functioned. Panned programmed are developed Trincomalee seaport with more installations and proper map of Pulmudai mineral sand mill. These are the illustration for natural resources. 8. Multipurpose economic centres like Prima, IOC and Mitsui Cement, will assist to development of economic system in Trincomalee. Get downing same like mills in country, it is really helpful to development in country. 9. When sing all the above factors, developing Trincomalee will assist to development of Eastern Province. Analyzing all the factors hypothesis of survey is proved. Recommendation 1. Based on the consequences of the survey, the undermentioned recommendations are suggested. a. present export market orientated undertakings capital goods, building stuff and raw-materials are permitted to be imported on responsibility free footing. B. Conduct educational programme about importance of instruction. c. Introduce new constructs for tourer industry and increase installations to tourist. d. Today there is no proper topographic point to sell their fish merchandises. This done by 3rd party and existent net income take these people. Therefore recommended to set up good fish market for fishermen and clients in country. e. There is demand to better the legal construction for the illegal fishermen and color fish companies to avoid illegal fishing and catching of color fish. f. Today most of fishermen do non hold installations to deep H2O fishing. Recommended to educate and promote a fishermen to presenting new low cost engineering and present a low cost bank loans to purchase a new boats. g. Started new multipurpose economical sectors in country. It will assist to cut down unemploymancy and increase economic degree in people. h. Use of natural resources in country soon non satisfied. There should be proper program to be prepared, how to used natural resources in efficaciously to develop a economic system in country.

Personality Approach to Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personality Approach to Entrepreneurship - Essay Example In many instances the question of personality assessment on entrepreneurship is defined in dichotomous terms: one strand seeks to determine the type of person that is drawn towards entrepreneurship and the other identifies the specific personality characteristics that contribute to that person’s success or failure. Furthermore, the changing definitions of what actually constitutes entrepreneurship are oftentimes attempted to be retrospectively established by the examining the specific personality traits of the entrepreneurs. While recent times have seen a renewed acceptance among the academic establishment of the relevancy of personality entrepreneurial approaches, this has been a recent change in perspective, as for many decades they had been derided as largely frivolous. In assessing the major literature related to the personal approach to entrepreneurship, this essay situates it within a historical context, critical analyzes contemporary approaches to the issue, and offers suggestions for future research. Even as it wasn’t officially recognized as the ‘personality approach to entrepreneurship’, psychological investigations into the nature of the entrepreneur have been in existence throughout the majority of the 20th century. Indeed, when formulating theories on entrepreneurial economic development renowned economist Joseph Schumpeter (1935) references personality traits such as innovativeness, dominance, and achievement orientation. On a larger scale, economists have attributed the economic success of nations to the personality characteristics of their inhabitants (McClelland 1961). A contemporary interpretation of such formulations -- considering national moves towards globalization in the 21st century -- might deem such a theory racially biased, and it seems that indeed in the later part of the 20th century the personal approach to entrepreneurship took on a more specialized mode of inquiry.

The concept of Indigenismo (Indianism) Term Paper

The concept of Indigenismo (Indianism) - Term Paper Example In this paper, Chicano also refers to Chicano. As the 1960s approached, the Chicano movement embraced an â€Å"inclusive approach,† by including undocumented and legal Mexican immigrants in their definition of â€Å"Chicano†. Whereas before, the Chicano was only the Mexican American, the Chicano has become more plural by integrating all people from the same Mexican race. This new meaning of the Chicano influenced new ideologies (ideology refers to a system of beliefs and behaviors of a people) and cultural concepts. The Chicano movement then developed a significantly politicized aesthetic that supported the Chicano working class and challenged the white power. During the 1960s and 1970s, Indigenismo or Indianism became one of the primary themes of Chicano art. Indigenismo refers to the integration of indigenous practices and symbols into Chicano art, and which played a large role in the Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s. This concept is related to the Chicano expe rience because it recognizes the Chicano’s pre-colonial, or pre-Columbian, roots and supported the â€Å"universality† of Chicano movement’s Indian culture.... deologies in Latin America and the United States, where the political, social, and economic forces that historically exploited and marginalized Indian peoples were exposed and opposed (Gonzalez 27). Indian civilization, in the view of the indianistas, provides a different version of the future that is dissimilar to â€Å"the civilizing project of the west,† and which struggles for Indian liberation (Solano 568). In order to attain this mission, a strategy was required, which re-valorized and re-Indianized ethnic groups and political units (Solano 568). This process was considered to be part of the struggle for recognition in the broader Mexican context of diverse cultures, languages and institutions (Solano 568). The Centro Cultural de la Raza of San Diego became the center of indigenismo (Gonzalez 27). The Centro became the meeting place of all Chicano and Mexican artists: a place where Native Americans exchanged works and ideas with other Mexicans, and where groups in Mexico , such as Mascarones and Concheros, as well as Mexican and Mexican American Ballet Folklorico, performed (Gonzalez 27). These collaborations improved the appreciation of the Chicano heritage in the United States and other nations (Gonzalez 27).Victor Ochoa, co-founder of the Centro, also significantly contributed to the making of the Toltecas en Aztlan artists’ group (Gonzalez 27). He also supported the large mural campaign at Chicano Park in Barrio Logan, one of the poorest Chicano communities in San Diego (Gonzalez 27). Chicano park is one of the most extensive showcases of different murals that integrated different indigenous Mexican images and exhibited the diverse interpretations of Chicano artists of their Chicano history and identities (Gonzalez 27). Other art works emphasized the Chicano

Quantitative Methods for Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitative Methods for Finance - Essay Example So, when we express financial data as real or as current price variables, it is essentially a distinction between whether we are providing the ‘real’ or the ‘nominal’ value of the variable. The fundamental difference is that while ‘nominal’ values are not adjusted for inflation and therefore may reflect changes in values just because of fluctuations in the price level, the ‘real’ values will only change if there are changes that cause the underlying variable to change. Price level changes do not affect ‘real’ financial data. (b) The CPI Vs the RPI in the UK as alternative measures of inflation The Consumer Price Index (CPI) or Harmonised Indices of Consumer prices (HICP) as they were previously known until 2003 in the UK are computed for EU member state to facilitate international comparability of inflation. The statistical wing of the European Commission known as Eurostat has been publishing monthly HICP values for all member states since the 1st quarter of 1997. Inter-economy inflation comparisons are provided in these reports. Prior to the development of the HICP comparing rates of inflation across members of the European Union was not feasible due to differences in the mechanisms of each members in their computations of CPIs. Apart from differences in methodology, the included basket of goods was also disparate across the countries. So, for the UK, the CPI measures changes in the general price level reflected in the changing costs to purchase the same basket of goods and services typically consumed by UK households. In the UK, the RPI (retail price index) is also computed and it is also a measure of changes in the price level. The CPI and the RPI cover a similar basket of goods although there are important differences. A number of commodities included in the RPI goods are excluded from the CPI. For instance the CPI does not include council tax, fees of estate agents, repayments on mortgages, e ducation and healthcare related expenses and building insurance. Certain other aspects which are rather technically difficult to integrate into an international index due to international differences are also excluded from the CPI but included in the RPI. For instance, in aspects of the economy such as education and health, a number of commodities are substantially subsidised and the extent of subsidization is different considerably for the different members of the EU. Consequentially, including these in an internationally comparable CPI is not possible. The RPI however includes these under its wing. There are certain expenditures on the other hand that are included in the CPI but not accounted for in the RPI. For instance, air fares or personal computer expenses are accounted for in the CPI but not in the RPI. Specifically, the eurostat sets one part of the total expenses of thousand consumers as the threshold for inclusion in the CPI. Any commodity that accounts for higher expense s compared to the threshold is included in the CPI. All private households are included in the CPI but the RPI excludes the top 4 percent of the income distribution. Additionally, households that derive equal to or more than 75 percent from state benefits are also excluded from the RPI. Typically, since the CPI does not include majority of the housing related expenses included in the RPI, the RPI tends to typically have a higher value than the CPI. However, both measures

Teacher Accountability For Quality Education In Mauritius

Teacher Accountability For Quality Education In Mauritius There are various papers and reports on teacher accountability worldwide. Our paper focuses on teacher accountability in the Mauritian context. In this study, we argue that even though these studies are stepping stones to conduct pedagogical survey, however they are not sufficient for qualitative research since a recent review from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development claims, rigorous experimental and qualitative research that defines and characterizes effective teaching methodologies that demonstrate improved student performance is limited. This model has been developed from teachers perspective and analyzes their role in the success and failure of students. The conditions identified are based on a literature review on school and teacher accountability. Questionnaire data were collected from a representative teacher sample (N = 206) in 6 State Secondary Schools in in the four educational zones of Mauritius. Keywords: accountability, Qualitative INTRODUCTION The need for teacher accountability is to evaluate a teacher, like evaluating any other professional, one needs to determine what that professional needs to know and be able to do , and then how that professional demonstrates this knowledge through performance (John Schacter). Reports from education policy specialists help us see how we come to have failing schools, low-performing students, and little accountability (Unicef report, 2000) and how we can devise the affordable, reasonable, and workable accountability systems and incentives we need to raise student learning. Therefore, following Earl LeMahieu (cited in Earl, 2005:7) we understand that, Accounting is gathering, organising and reporting information that describes performance. Accountability is the conversation about what the information means and how it fits with everything else that we know, and about how to use it to make positive changes. In fact various literatures stress upon how accountability has become a cornerstone of schools reforms. Gurr (2006:2) notes that, in recent time there has been intense interest in most parts of the world to create systems for monitoring school performance. De Grauwe and Naidoo (2004:20) refer to the worldwide trend towards school evaluation. The Mauritian School is presently experiencing a need to assure academic success and development for all students and the focus is on providing opportunities for students achievement and removes barriers to students access (Strategy Plan 2008- 2020). In this light the focus is on finding ways to reach more students and on the implementation of strategies for successful teaching and learning. At a time of rapid technological advances, there is a need to increase standards-based education through a foundation of accountability to account for academic achievement (Strategy Plan 2008-2020). Global Perspective Recent reform initiatives have laid increasing emphasis on teacher accountability. The aim of President Clintons Goals 2000: Educate America Act of 1994 was to shift the focus from inputs to results and this reform initiative led to a national development of standard-based educational reform (Herrera Murray, 2006). According to McLaughlin and Shepard (1995), standards-based education can be defined as setting standards of performance in academic subject areas as a means of improving the substance of school curricula and increasing the motivation and effort of students, teachers, and school systems and thereby improving student achievement. In addition to setting high standards, the reform aimed at making educators feel accountable for what students learned and their performance on standardised tests (McLaughlin Shepard, 1995). The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) law (2002) mandates that USA states adopt comprehensive accountability systems for identifying and improving underperforming schools. The major focus of NCLB is to provide all children with a fair, equal and significant opportunity to obtain high quality education. The moves towards a more balanced and sustainable approach to school accountability processes in England followed the release of the Governments Green Paper in 2003 called Every Child Matters. Under the accountability and integration proposal outlined in this paper, the creation of an inspection framework for childrens services was to be actioned with the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) taking the lead in bringing together joint inspection teams. School and teacher accountability relates to an ongoing pursuit of quality improvement and at the same time providing public assurance. De Grauwe and Naidoo (2004:39) conclude that the challenge is not to choose between accountability and quality improvement, but to find the right balance between these aims, between internal and external evaluation, between the criteria set by central authorities and those set by the school staff itself, between the demands of the public and the needs of the professional community. Opinion is divided on the impact of school evaluation and accountability processes on the performance of schools. Many authors question the inherent value of the components of some systems. Elmore (cited in Gurr, 2006:3) disputes the long-term worth of external accountability environments and suggests that for real and sustained school improvement, teachers and principals need to take more responsibility for the outcomes they influence. Hattie (2005:12-13) argues that we must develop an accountability system that is located from the student level upwards, directly involving and influencing the teacher and principal level, as such a system is more likely to have major effects on the quality of teaching and learning. Leithwood (2005) proposes the adoption of a reciprocal, professional approach. Together with the assessment of student progress, he emphasizes upon the importance of developing and appraising teachers performance against professional standards. The Reports on School Accountability Framework Review, National and International Perspectives and Approaches help to have an insight in the accountability processes in other countries: In Scotland a system of proportional response has been established linked to the findings of school inspections. In some USA and Australian states various regional and district based services are called upon to support schools in response to reviews and the analysis of test results. Finland, South Korea and Singapore have a strong focus on teacher training and continued professional development for serving teachers and principals. In Finland the initial selection process for students applying for the teacher education program is very rigorous. All teachers graduate with a Masters degree (5 years). South Korea has recently introduced an evaluation system for teachers and principals, while in Singapore teachers and principals are appraised using the Enhanced Performance Management System. Every school is to have a School Staff Developer to ensure that training and professional development programs encompass teacher needs while maintaining a focus on school goals. Experienced teachers in Ontario, Canada are formally evaluated every three years. Inexperienced teachers are mentored, closely monitored and evaluated. An unsatisfactory rating for any teacher can result in a recommendation for termination. In contrast with general trends De Grauwe (2004:78) notes that in Finland, a country that consistently performs at the highest level in international tests, the national inspection system was discontinued in 1991. Decision-makers felt that the benefits from external inspection and advice services were minimal and that, in view of the high level of training and professionalism of teachers and the strong parental interest in the schooling of their children, quality control could be entirely trusted to them. Accountability as an Auditing Tool An accountable educational system can be set up and managed through strategic planning processes, which shape and guide the system, where it is going and how it is going to get there (Kaufman et al, 2002). In the work world, management and employees are held accountable. Those that do well gain merits and are promoted. The marketplace creates incentives for their efficient performance, holds them closely accountable, and rewards success. Likewise, the accountability principle extends to most sectors of Mauritian life more significantly the private sector. Unfortunately, the Mauritian school system lacks the marketplace accountability, which is seen only at the level of large-scale examination systems associated with higher achievement, Cambridge School Certificate and Higher School Certificate. Educators resistance to testing and accountability is not surprising and is rather to be expected. Neither doctors nor bricklayers would choose to be accountable for their effort, it would be much easier for them to say that alls well as they request higher compensation (Evers et al.) Government-generated movement for accountability is generally welcomed by the public, vigilantly accepted by the school personnel responsible for implementing them and skeptically viewed by the teachers who are to be appraised (Odhiambo, 2003). Accountability is a contentious and divisive issue regardless of the context within which it operates. It is not unusual for teachers to openly, or covertly, resist involvement in appraisal schemes for numerous reasons, ranging from a fear of negative information becoming public to a complete lack of trust in the appraiser (Dimmock Walker, 2005). According to the report prepared by Michael Heim for Hawaiis School Leadership Academy on Accountability in Education: A Primer for School Leaders, the author based on different literature review comes up with the Conceptual model for accountability. Heim writes that, The evaluative nature of accountability, i.e., using authority justifiably and credibly, is an essential characteristic. The evaluative dimension is what distinguishes accountability from reporting. Furthermore he asks a simple question, Who is responsible for what to whom? The Who is Responsible? and To Whom? components contain numerous accountability providers and recipients: policymakers, the government, education officials, school staff, parents, students, the general public, and special interest groups. It can be noticed that there is an internal-external dimension to accountability. That is, accountability relationships arise internally within the same organization, and also externally that is with recipients outside the organization The following diagram tries to integrate various accountability frameworks found in the literature with the definition of accountability used herein. The diagram contains the necessary components required of a conceptual model for accountability. Conceptual Accountability Model C:UsersAdminDesktopAccountability in Education A Primer for School Leaders_filesAccountability.png Source: M. Heim, Hawaiis School Leadership Academy on Accountability in Education: A Primer for School Leaders Teachers are responsible for accomplishing tasks such as aligning curriculum, classroom instruction, and student assessment practices. Teachers are also responsible for truly involving others so that the co-production of learning can be successful. Attention must be given throughout these efforts to thoughtfully cultivate a relationship with students. Accountability between students and teachers, teachers and parents, and students and parents, can only exist on a mutually agreed relationships and responsibilities among them. Student learning is not a one way traffic or unidirectional, it encloses many factors, some of which are within the authority of school and its staff to control, and others which are not. Whatever the educational circumstances and limiting factors contributing to educational goals, teachers must make a difference in the lives of children and youth. Teachers accountability for student outcomes, then, must highlight the ways and extent to which they have contributed to making a difference. Testing students performance is useful, but information that shows growth or improvement over time is essential (Heim, ). 1.3 Reform Initiatives on Accountability and Quality in the Mauritian Educational System International commitments such as Education for All, Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategies, and the Millennium Development Goals increasingly influence strategy decisions and planning in the Mauritius education sector. Over the past decades, through the different policy papers and reports, the Government has aimed at creating an education system responsive to the emerging needs of society. Besides, the new Programme-Based Budgeting (PBB) system demands achievement in return for investment, and it requires a system of performance measurements at all levels of the education system. According to the Strategy Plan 2008-2020, the vision of the Government is to ensure Quality Education for all. Teacher performance, student assessment and the structure of the system are specifically designed to improve the quality of education and ensuring excellence for all. Quality in the education system requires accountability on the part of teachers for both the learning environments they provide and the learning outcomes they enable their students to achieve (Strategy Plan, 2008). In 1991, the Master Plan pointed out that there were insufficient accountability and poor communication within the educational system as duties and responsibilities were not clearly defined. There was no School Management Division. The Master plan therefore proposed an improved and more effective system of management by re-establishing policy and operational management of responsibilities at all levels to achieve accountability (Parsuramen, 1991). One of the recommendations of the White Paper (1997) was that Heads of Schools should manage their schools within clear policy guidelines and accountability parameters (Pillay, 1997). Moreover, the Action Plan (1998) insisted on accountability and transparency at each level and the setting up of a Quality Assurance Division in order to achieve increased quality and cost effectiveness in the education system. At the turn of the new millennium, Obeegadoo in his reform plan Ending the Rat Race (2000) highlighted that for colleges to be centres of excellence, it is necessary to have a close monitoring of standards with clear lines of accountability. The Strategy Plan 2008-2020 also indicated that performance indicators should be set up so as to increase the accountability of school personnel to produce results. Existing Framework The Mauritian System has developed accountability frameworks which consist the components of school planning, school self-assessment, school reporting and school review (internal or external). Self-assessment and reporting are usually annually based, planning is often both longer term (3-5 years, strategic) and annual (operational) with review cycles. With the purpose of ensuring the accountability of teachers within the educational system, the following indicators are in place: Guidelines such as, the National Curriculum Framework, define the task and responsibilities of teachers. The Personnel Management Manual of the Ministry ensures uniformity and stability of employee action through specified rules and regulations. Quality Assurance Teams assess teaching and learning. Heads of Schools monitor the work of teachers through regular class visits. A Performance Management System (PMS) is in place. After being on a pilot basis in 2009, the system will be fully operational in 2011. Establishment of clear reporting guidelines and schedules. Performance Analysis Report provide statistical data on student achievement results and progression Percentage pass rate at SC and HSC level. 1.5 Barriers/ Limitations that exist 2 levels: one general, second specific (related to our topic) According to David Blake (Quality Assurance in Teacher Leadership Education, A case study) the emerging framework for quality assessment in teacher evaluation is clearly problematic because many problems such as definition, workload, funding, bureaucracy and values are involved. Furthermore, sanctions and rewards are elements of the accountability processes and as mentioned above, teachers as the appraisee are scared of the appraiser. Furthermore to hold the appraisee accountable there needs to be valid and reliable assessment mechanisms. Teacher accountability, as per various studies, is very broad Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to find out whether state secondary school teachers feel accountable for their students performance. This study examines the roles and responsibilities of state secondary teachers and it aims at transforming teachers into accountable, responsible competent collaborators, demonstrating best practices. This article reviews the research on teachers accountability for quality education and proposes that by implementing firm teacher performance based accountability systems (The Milken Family Foundation, 2000), can improve teaching practices and ultimately students success. METHODOLOGY Survey Method The survey method is a research method to gather data about people, their opinion and behaviours (Wikipedia, 2010). The survey method was selected as it is an efficient way of collecting information from a large number of respondents. Survey is flexible as it produces a wider range of information compared to other methods, like direct observation, experimentation (Wikipedia, 2010). Several questions can be asked about the given topic, thus conferring considerable flexibility to the analysis, and standardised questions make measurement more accurate. Statistical tests can be used to determine validity, reliability and statistical significance (Wikipedia, 2010). There are two types of surveys, namely questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires are usually paper-and-pen instruments which the respondent completes whilst interviews are completed by the interviewer based on the say of the respondent (Trochim, 2006). For the purpose of our study, we found that the Questionnaire method would be best for our situation. Questionnaire Design Data was collected through the use of questionnaires. Our survey used the quantitative measure, i.e. forced-choice questions were used. Cross-sectional survey was used, as information was gathered on a population of State Secondary College teachers, as of October 2010. Once we had selected Questionnaire as our survey method, we had to construct the survey itself by tackling a few issues, including the different types of questions, decisions about question content and purpose, decisions about question wording, decisions about response format, and, question placement and sequence in our questionnaire. Our survey consisted of close-ended questions, where the response options were exhaustive and mutually exclusive. Two types of response scales were used, namely, dichotomous, and four-point Likert. Five main sections have been duly taken into consideration while designing the questionnaire namely Respondent Profile, Planning and Preparation, Classroom Environment, Instruction, Professional Responsibilities and Support and Demand. These are essential components regarding collection of data in connection with teacher accountability for quality education. Participants A representative sample of State Secondary School teachers was selected from a population of 3439 teachers so as to collect questionnaire data. The study was explained to the teachers and they were asked to fill in a questionnaire. The questionnaire data was collected from a sample of 206 teachers from 6 State Secondary Schools from the four Educational Zones in Mauritius. 3 of the schools are termed as State Colleges and are high-performing schools with an average pass rate of 80%, whilst the other 3 schools are low-performing schools with an average pass rate of 75%. The sample was 59% female and 41% male; the age ranged between 23 and 60 years with an average age of 30-40 years. The participants belonged to 14 different departments. Limitation of the study Though there are advantages to the questionnaire method, we would, however, like to point out that there are a number of weaknesses to the method. For instance, the quality of responses cannot be judged and respondents honesty cannot be proven. Human biases for e.g. ego of the respondents are there. High response rates were not achieved; out of the 300 questionnaires distributed, only 206 were retrieved. The period during which the survey was carried out was not appropriate due to the fact that many teachers were involved in Cambridge examinations at that given time. Moreover, some respondents did not attempt a few questions whilst others, although having the best of intentions, could not find the time to respond to the questionnaire. Others misplaced the instrument or forgot to return it. It was also noted that though secrecy was assured, some respondents were unwilling to provide certain information as they felt this would somehow intrude on their confidentiality, for e.g. some omitted to specify whether they were the Head of Department or not. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Purpose of study The purpose of the study is to find out whether state secondary school teachers feel accountable for their students performance. This study examines the roles and responsibilities of state secondary teachers and it aims at transforming teachers into accountable, responsible competent collaborators, demonstrating best practices. Respondent Profile Male (%) Female (%) Age group 30-40 41-50 >50 10.6 58.8 12.9 17.6 30.0 55.0 10.0 5.0 Teaching experience 5-15 yrs 16-25 yrs >25 yrs 13.4 54.9 13.4 18.3 25.2 59.7 9.2 5.9 Educational zone 1 2 3 4 12.9 58.8 15.3 12.9 22.3 41.3 9.9 26.4 Posting Gaetan Raynal SC Shrimati Indira Gandhi SSS Quartier Militaire SSS Sookdeo Bissoondoyal SC Sir Leckraz Teeluck SSS Sharma Jugdambi SSS 13.1 21.4 3.6 14.3 34.5 13.1 26.4 11.6 15.7 9.9 14.0 22.3 Type of posting Permanent Supply Medco 88.2 7.1 4.7 89.2 6.7 4.2 Department English French Mathematics Science Social Studies Computer Economics Accounts Home Economics Art and Design Design and Technology Physical Education Oriental Languages/ Hinduism Music and Dance 5.1 8.9 20.3 17.7 3.8 1.3 7.6 10.1 0 2.5 6.3 5.1 8.9 2.5 16.5 13.0 7.8 9.6 1.7 1.7 5.2 3.5 4.3 5.2 0 1.7 25.2 4.3 Head of Department Yes No 23.5 76.5 19.2 80.8 Working periods 16-20 21-25 >25 2.4 3.6 22.6 71.4 4.1 5.8 25.6 64.5 Qualifications Diploma Degree Masters 4.8 69.0 26.2 5.0 65.3 29.8 Professional training Yes No 64.6 35.4 49.6 50.4 Teacher Accountability/Effectivess Performance Management System One of the governments principal stated reasons for introducing performance management into schools was that it claimed doing so would help improve the professional development of teachers (DfEE, 2000, p.3). The PMS (Performance Management System) in Mauritius allows the educator to be assessed based on a variety of competencies, of which he/she has to choose at least ten. This new tool of performance appraisal of teachers is still at its initial stage in Mauritian schools. The results obtained are provided below. Table 1: Educators self-rating based on competencies enlisted in PMS Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Always 83 40.3 41.3 41.3 Often 82 39.8 40.8 82.1 Rarely 25 12.1 12.4 94.5 Never 11 5.3 5.5 100.0 Total 201 97.6 100.0 Missing System 5 2.4 Total 206 100.0 The study carried out by Brown, A (2005) showed that performance management can, under certain circumstances, help to improve the quality of primary education in England. with new challenges in the field of education, teachers also basically need to be assessed by such appraisal systems so as to maintain accountability. However, the study by Monyatsi, P. et al (2006) in the context of teacher perceptions of the effectiveness of teacher appraisal in Botswana concluded that though some teachers consider teacher appraisal as an axe ready to chop teachers which is contrary for the appraisal process to serve the purposes of accountability, yet, through the appraisal process as practiced in Botswana secondary schools, teachers can gain increased knowledge and skills, which ultimately enhance their performance in their daily duties in the schools Our study supports this fact as out of 205 respondents in this section, 146 educators organise and manage their classrooms effectively whereas on 2 of hem rarely do so. To bring about a rise in performance through efficiency and effectivenss, there are two major aspects which need to be taken into account. One, professional development of the teacher and second, accountability. The Strategy Plan 2008-2020 caters for this aspect by focusing onlifelong learning of the educator. With the growing challenges in education, teachers roles are changing rapidly. Globalisation and meeting international educational standards demand the teacher to be more professional in his/her teaching tasks. Teachers are expected to be equipped with updated trainings in pedagogy, teaching skills and professional development. Many countries are coming with teacher appraisal management systems so as to make the teacher of today become accountable at various levels. (ON DEMAND SUPPORT ?) The study conducted on teacher accountability demonstrated that the expectations of educators as far as support in the form of trainings, opportunities to work with experienced teachers or even participation in decision making are much below and somewhere, there is a co-relation between support and the accountability of educators towards their multiple tasks they perform. Though, many educators (107 often give remedial work, 94 often encourage group learning and 94 collect feedback on students performance whereas on 1 educator never does so in all the cases) are accountable towards their modes of instruction and are satisfied with their teaching practices, yet,some seem to be less accountable as far as performance of students on an overall basis is considered (18.9%). Many have held the rector responsible for the overall rate of failures or passes while detaching themselves from the schools performance. Normore (2004) mentions that being accountable means, among other things, being o bligated or subject to giving an account. In saying that someone is accountable we could imply that he/she is obligated to give a report, description, explanation, justifying analysis, or some form of exposition of reasons, causes, grounds, or motives for what we have observed Table 2: Educators feel rector is accountable for acedemic success/failure of students Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Always 49 23.8 24.7 24.7 Often 51 24.8 25.8 50.5 Rarely 64 31.1 32.3 82.8 Never 34 16.5 17.2 100.0 Total 198 96.1 100.0 Missing System 8 3.9 Total 206 100.0 It implies that, based on our survey, educators in Mauritius are normally very much satisfied with performance at their departmental level rather than at the institutional level. Many (144 educators) assert that they are satisfied with their classroom teaching only. As for the Planning and Preparation aspect, most educators do prepare their Lesson Plans and their Scheme of Work on a regular basis (135 out of 206 always do so). Out of 203, only 1 educator never preprares the Scheme of Work. Out of 203, 13 rarely align their objectives with the National Curriculum Framework. Hanley, C. (2009) documents a number of the ways in which accountability pressure has changed school instructional policies and practices in Floridas low-performing schools, and relate these instructional policy and practice changes to increased student performance. Many educators also felt that demonstrating a general feeling of warmth, care and respect towards their students make them accountable and thus, contribute to their professional development (140 always do so whereas only 3 never do so). Feeling responsible towards the classroom setting and oraginsing and managing classrooms effectively has an impact on the performance of students and therefore bring quality teaching, they believed. This is why, a considerable number of educators take care of these aspects with existing infrastructure at their particular schools. However, some educators (40 rarely and 4 never do so) do not feel responsible/accountable for preparing their students for competition and collaboration in a global economy. This confirms that the vision of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources, as stated in the Strategy Plan 2008-2010, has not totally reached the understanding of educators. Another reason might be that though the vision is noble yet appropriate infra structure and training are hardly to be provided to schools for implementation. 3.4 Teacher Experience a